'Incredibly rare' head of deity Mercury reveals previously unknown Roman settlement in UK

A bodiless clay head of the Roman god Mercury, discovered in England, has revealed the whereabouts of a previously unknown Roman settlement.

Archaeologists found the head at Smallhythe Place, in Kent, a site that was known for shipbuilding in medieval times. So the team was surprised to find the roughly 2,000-year-old pipe-clay head of Mercury, the Roman god of fine arts, commerce and financial success.

The "incredibly rare" head, as well as other finds from an excavation, indicate that a Roman settlement stood there between the first and third centuries, according to a statement from the National Trust, a conservation charity.

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Typically, Mercury figurines were crafted out of metal, making the pipe-clay — a fine, white clay used in later centuries to make tobacco pipes — discovery unexpected. At the time, most pipe-clay figurines were molded from clay that was local to central Gaul (modern-day France) and the Rhin-et-Mosell region, according to the statement. Today, archaeologists know of fewer than 10 pipe-clay figurines in Roman Britain, and most feature female deities, such as Venus, according to the statement.

During Britain's Roman period (A.D. 43 to 410), it was common for both ordinary and elite people to worship figurines depicting deities in their homes, as religion was a key part of daily life. This particular Mercury figurine, which shows Mercury wearing a hat, likely showed the god standing in one of two ways: either draped with a short cloak known as a chlamys, or naked and holding a caduceus, a staff with twisted snakes that nowadays symbolizes medicine.

The head of Mercury, as well as other finds from the site, will go on display Feb. 28 at Smallhythe Place.