Denver voters reject slaughterhouse ban, allowing Superior Farms to continue selling lamb in Colorado and nationwide

Ballot measure 309, which aimed to ban slaughterhouses in the city and county of Denver, failed on Nov. 5, 2024. The measure would have closed Superior Farms in the Globeville neighborhood north of Denver.

I’m an associate professor of animal Sciences at Colorado State University. My research explores solutions for meat and food system challenges such as food safety, market resiliency and sustainability. I’m part of a research team that examined the potential effects of ballot measure 309 on the local, state, national and global meat supply chain.

Denver’s only slaughterhouse

The Superior Farms lamb processing facility employs approximately 160 people and represents 15% to 20% of the total lamb slaughter capacity in the U.S. Our study reports that the sheep harvested at the Denver facility are primarily from Colorado and the Mountain West region.

Colorado has rugged rangeland that is well suited for sheep ranching. It is currently the third-largest sheep-producing state in the nation, after Texas and California.

Colorado houses another large lamb-processing facility in the Northeastern plains and 21 substantially smaller facilities around the state.

The ability of these processors to market meat to consumers is far less than that of Superior Farms, due to capacity or inspection limitations. Our report found that a closure of the Denver facility would require most of the sheep harvested there to instead be harvested in other states.

More likely though, sheep producers who historically sent their lambs to Denver for harvest would instead not be able, or willing, to ship them to other states due to increased costs and concerns for animal welfare effects.

Our study suggested a potential 2% impact on the livestock production industry nationwide if ballot measure 309 were successful in closing Superior Farms.

The effects, which have been observed after closures of meat-processing facilities in other regions, would have included fewer sheep produced and a decline in the economic value of live sheep. Additionally, the closure would have resulted in a loss of livestock employment opportunities and a transition away from sheep production toward other enterprises.

It’s not just the size of Superior Farms that makes it important to the supply chain, it is also its ability to access consumers in a variety of markets that is crucial for the sheep industry.

Federal inspection essential for market access

Only 33 of Colorado’s 120 meat-processing operations are inspected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service. The remaining facilities are considered exempt from federal inspection and are instead regulated by the state of Colorado.

These two designations control the ability of sheep producers and meat processors to get their products to consumers.

The Federal Meat Inspection Act was passed in 1906 to help ensure the safety and quality of meat products intended for human consumption. It also establishes standards for the well-being of animals at the time of harvest. The legislation has led to widespread improvements in the meat industry, including the creation of the Food Safety and Inspection Service in the mid-1980s.

Today, the Food Safety and Inspection Service is the federal authority responsible for implementing inspection and labeling standards in meat processing. This is done largely through continuous onsite inspection by trained inspectors and a robust approval and record-keeping structure.

The Food Safety and Inspection Service offers exemptions from federal inspection for smaller meat processors, but the exempted meat products are not eligible for resale – meaning these products can’t be purchased at the local grocery store, farmer’s market or downtown restaurant. Instead, they are intended to be consumed by the owner of the animal.

While this exemption is amenable for a producer with five or 10 sheep, it is untenable for a producer with hundreds or thousands of sheep. For that producer, access to federally inspected meat-processing facilities, such as Superior Farms, and the market access afforded by those facilities is the linchpin to profitability, sustainability and supply chain integrity.

Farm-to-plate is not so simple

The ballot measure highlighted the complexities of the meat supply chain and the challenges sheep producers face in getting lamb meat to consumers.

The number of sheep producers in the U.S. has declined steadily over the past four decades due to consumption trends, rising production costs and challenging environmental conditions such as drought. As supplies of sheep and lamb decrease, U.S. restaurants and retailers have had to look elsewhere to meet their customers’ low, but relatively stable, demand for lamb products.

On the other side of the globe, Australia and New Zealand have found markets for their lamb among U.S. consumers. Their competitive ability to produce lamb has made them a desirable trade partner for the U.S. – and a majority of lamb consumed in the U.S. is imported from these two countries. Our study suggests a further reduction in lamb production in the U.S. will increase U.S. reliance on imported lamb from Australia and New Zealand.

Meat production is a global enterprise

The meat industry is global – and the success of the U.S. meat industry is interwoven in relationships with other meat-eating countries.

In the case of lamb, the organ meats and other less frequently consumed lamb products produced at the Denver Superior Farms facility are often exported to Mexico, Canada and countries in the Caribbean.

Maintenance of these trade relationships is a delicate balance with significant financial repercussions.

This export market increases the average value of U.S. sheep and is crucial for the profitability of sheep ranchers.

Balancing the value of the export market with imports from other countries underpins the profitability of livestock and meat producers across the globe.

Though Americans often think of the food system and meat supply chain in the context of their local markets, it is a global industry with exquisitely complex and interwoven relationships. Changes in one part of the supply chain can and do have tangible, and in some cases irrevocable, effects on other supply chain components.

This story was updated on Nov. 6 to include the results of the vote.